Abstract
They argue that just when adolescents have been encouraged to adopt a set of economic and material aspirations of which the larger society approves, the means to achieve these goals are systematically blocked. The result of this blocking is strain, which allows the adolescent to develop a source of authority that is an alternative to that of the State. They try to combine the concepts of anomie and differential association, arguing that criminal behavior is learned from a social milieu in which the codes of such behavior are widely available and highly esteemed. They also try to account for the emergence of three types of subcultures: criminal, involving property crime; conflict, involving violence; and retreatist, involving drugs. Matza and others have questioned this analysis, however, instead to focus on individuals and their interpersonal relationships.
